Since I’ve recently become more interested in the actual switching and fabric architectures of Cisco devices I decided to take a deeper look at the 6500 series switches. I’ve worked with them for years but until recently I didn’t have a solid idea on how they actually switched packets. I had a general idea of how it worked and why DFCs were a good thing but I wanted to know more. Based on my research, this is what I’ve come up with. I’d love to hear any feedback on the post since there is a chance that some of what I’ve read isn’t totally accurate. That being said, lets dive right in…
Control vs Data Plane
All actions on a switch can be considered to be part of either the control or the data plane. The 6500 series switch is a hardware based switch which implies that it performs switching in hardware rather than software. The pieces of the switch that perform switching in hardware are considered to be part of the data plane. That being said, there still needs to be software component of the switch that tells the data plane how to function. The parts of the switch that function in software are considered to be the control plane. These components make decisions and perform advanced functions which then tell the data plane how to function. Cisco’s implementation of forwarding in hardware is called CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding).
Switch DesignThe 6500 series switch is a modular switch that is comprised of a few main components. Let’s take a look at each briefly.
The ChassisThe 6500 series switch comes in many shapes and sizes. The most common (in my opinion) is the 6509. The last number indicates the number of slots on the chassis itself. There are also 3, 4, 6, and 13 slot chassis available. The chassis is what holds all of the other components and facilitates connecting them together. The modules plug into a silicon board called the backplane.
The BackplaneThe backplane is the most crucial component of the chassis. It has all of the connectors on it that the other modules plug into. It has a few main components that are highlighted on the diagram below.
The diagram shows the backplane of a standard 9 slot chassis. Each slot has a connection to the crossbar switching fabric, the three buses (D,R,C) that compose the shared bus, and a power connection.
The switch fabric in the 6500 is referred to as a ‘crossbar’ fabric. It provides unique paths for each of the connected modules to send and receive data across the fabric. In initial implementations the SUP didn’t have an integrated switch fabric which required the use of a separate module referred to as the SFM (Switch Fabric Module). With the advent of the SUP720 series of SUPs the switch fabric is now integrated into the SUP itself. The cross bar switching fabric provides multiple non-blocking paths between different modules. The speed of the fabric is a function of both the chassis as well as the device providing the switch fabric.
Standard 6500 Chassis
Provides a total of 40Gbps per slot
Enhanced(e) 6500 ChassisProvides a total of 80Gbps per slot
SFM with SUP32 SupervisorSingle 8 gig Fabric Connection
256Gbps switching fabric
18 Fabric Channels
SUP720 through SUP720-3B SupervisorSingle 20 gig Fabric Connection
720Gbps switching fabric
18 Fabric Channels
SUP720-3C SupervisorDual 20 gig Fabric Connections
720Gbps switching fabric
18 Fabric Channels
SUP2T SupervisorDual 40 gig Fabric Connections
2.08Tbps switching fabric
26 Fabric Channels
So as you can see, there are quite a few combinations you can use here. The bottom line is that with the newest SUP2T and the 6500e chassis, you could have a module with eight 10Gbps ports that wasn’t oversubscribed.
The other bus in the 6500 is referred to as a shared bus. In the initial 6500 implementation the fabric bus wasn’t used. Rather, all communication came across the shared bus. The shared bus is actually comprised of 3 distinct buses.
DBus (Data Bus) – Is the main bus in which all data is transmitted. The speed of the DBus is 32Gbps.
RBus (Results Bus) – Used by the supervisor to forward the result of the forwarding operation to each of the attached line cards. The speed of the RBus is 4Gbps.
CBus (Control Bus) – Relays information between line cards and the supervisor. This is also sometimes referred to as Ethernet Out of Band or EOB or EOBC (Ethernet Out of Band Controller). The speed of the CBus is 100Mbps half duplex.
The Supervisor (Or as well call them, SUPs)
The switch supervisor is the brains of the operation. In the initial implementation of the 6500 the SUP handled the processing of all packets and made all of the forwarding decisions. A supervisor is made up of three main components which include the switch fabric, MFSC (Multi-Layer Switch Feature Card), and the PFC (Policy Feature Card). The image below shows a top down view of a SUP 720 and the location of each component on the physical card.
MSFC – The Multi-Layer Switch Feature Card is considered to be the control plane of the switch. The MSFC runs processes that help build and maintain the layer 3 forwarding table (routing table), process ACLs, run routing protocols, and other services that are not run in hardware. The MSFC is actually comprised of two distinct pieces.
SP – The SP (Switch Processor) handles booting the switch. The SP copies the SP part of a IOS image from bootlfash, boot’s itself, and then copies the RP part of the IOS image to the RP. Once the RP is booted the SP hands control of the switch over to the RP. From that point on the RP is what the administrator talks to in order to administer the switch. In most cases, the SP still handles layer 2 switch protocols such as ARP and STP.RP – The RP (Route Processor) handles all layer 3 functions of the 6500 including running routing protocols and building the RIB from with the FIB is populated. Once the FIB is built in the RP it can be downloaded to the data plane TCAM for hardware based forwarding of packets. The RP runs in parallel with the SP which it allows to provide the layer 2 functions of the switch.
PFC – The policy feature card receives a copy of CEF’s FIB from the MFSC. Since the MFSC doesn’t actually deal with forwarding any packets, the MFSC downloads the FIB into the hardware on the PFC. Basically, the PFC is used to accelerate layer 2 and layer 3 switching and it learns how to do that from the MFSC. The PFC is considered to be part of the data plane of the switch.
Line CardsThe line cards of a 6500 series switch provide the port density to connect end user devices. Line cards come in different port densities and support many different interface types. Line cards connect to the SUP via the backplane.
The other pieces…
The 6500 also has a fan tray slot as well as two slots for redundant power supplies. I’m not going to cover these in detail since they don’t play into the switch architecture.
Switching modesNow that we’ve discussed the main components of the 6500 lets talk about the different ways in which a 6500 switches packets. There are 5 main modes in which this occurs and the mode that is used relies heavily on what type of hardware is present in the chassis.
Classis modeIn classic mode the attached modules make use of the shared bus in the chassis. When a switchport receives a packet it is first locally queued on the card. The line card then requests permission from the SUP to send the packet on to the DBUS. If the SUP says yes, the packet is sent onto the DBUS and subsequently copied to the SUP as well as all other line cards. The SUP then performs a look up on the PFC. The result of that lookup is sent along the RBUS to all of the cards. The card containing the destination port receives information on how to forward the packet while all other cards receive word to terminate processing on the packet and they delete it from their buffers. The speed of the classic mode is 32gbps half duplex since it’s a shared medium.
CEF256In CEF256 mode each module has a connection to the shared 32Gbps bus as well as a 8Gbps connection to the switch fabric. In addition each line card has a local 16Gbps bus (LCDBUS) on the card itself. When a switchport receives a packet it is flooded on the LCDBUS and the fabric interface receives it. The fabric interface floods the packet header onto the DBUS. The PFC receives the header and makes the forwarding decision. The result is flooded on the RBUS back to the line card and the fabric interface receives the forwarding information. At that point, the entire packet is sent across the 8Gbps fabric connection to the destination line card. The fabric interface on the egress line card floods the packet on the LCDBUS and the egress switchport sends the packet on it’s way out of the switch.
dCEF256In dCEF256 mode each line card has dual 8Gbps to the switch fabric and no connection to the shared bus. In this method, the line card also has a DFC (Distributed forwarding card) which holds a local copy of the FIB as well as it’s own layer 2 adjacency table. Since the card doesn’t need to forward packets or packet headers to the SUP for processing there is no need for a connection to the shared bus. Additionally, dCEF256 cards have dual 16Gbps local line card buses. The first LCDBUS handles half of the ports on the line card and the second LCDBUS handles the second half of the ports. Communication from a port on one LCDBUS to a port on the second LCDBUS go through the switch fabric. Since the line card has all of the forwarding information that it needs it can forward packets directly across the fabric to the egress line card without talking to the SUP.
CEF720Identical operation to CEF256 but includes some upgrades. The switch fabric is now integrated into the SUP rather than on a SFM. And the dual fabric connections from each line card are now 20Gbps a piece rather than 8Gbps.
dCEF720Identical to dCEF256 with addition of same upgrades present in CEF720 (Faster fabric connections and SF in SUP).
Centralized vs Distributed Forwarding
I had indicated earlier that the early implementations of the switch utilized the SUP to make all switching and forwarding decisions. This would be considered to be centralized switching since the SUP is providing all of the functionality required to forward a packet or frame. Lets take a look at how a packet is forwarded using centralized forwarding.
Line cards by default (in most cases) come with a CFC or centralized forwarding card. The card has enough logic on it to know how to send frames and packets to the Supervisor when it needs an answer. In addition, most cards can accept a DFC or distributed forwarding card. DFCs are the functional equivalent to the PFC located on the SUP and hold an entire copy of CEF’s FIB and adjacency tables. With a DFC in place, a line card can perform distributed forwarding which takes the SUP out of the picture.
How centralized forwarding works…
1. Frame arrives at the port on a line card and is passed to the CFC on the local line card.
2. The bus interface on the CFC forwards the headers to the supervisor on the DBus. All other line cards connected to the DBus ignore the headers.
3. The PFC on the supervisor makes a forwarding decision based on the headers and floods the result on the RBus. All other line cards on the RBus ignore the result.
4. The CFC forwards the results ,along with with the packet, to the line cards fabric interface of the line card. The fabric interface forwards the results and the packet onto the switch fabric towards their final destination.
5. The egress line card’s fabric ASIC receives the packet and forwards the data out towards the egress port.
2. The bus interface on the CFC forwards the headers to the supervisor on the DBus. All other line cards connected to the DBus ignore the headers.
3. The PFC on the supervisor makes a forwarding decision based on the headers and floods the result on the RBus. All other line cards on the RBus ignore the result.
4. The CFC forwards the results ,along with with the packet, to the line cards fabric interface of the line card. The fabric interface forwards the results and the packet onto the switch fabric towards their final destination.
5. The egress line card’s fabric ASIC receives the packet and forwards the data out towards the egress port.
How distributed forwarding works…
1. Frame arrives at the port on a line card and is passed to the fabric interface on the local line card.
2. The fabric interface sends just the headers to the DFC located on the local line card.
3. The DFC returns the forwarding decision of it’s lookup to the fabric interface.
4. The fabric interface transmits the packet onto the switch fabric and towards the egress line card
5. Egress line card receives the packet and forwards the packet on to the egress port.
2. The fabric interface sends just the headers to the DFC located on the local line card.
3. The DFC returns the forwarding decision of it’s lookup to the fabric interface.
4. The fabric interface transmits the packet onto the switch fabric and towards the egress line card
5. Egress line card receives the packet and forwards the packet on to the egress port.
So as you can see, distributed forwarding is much quicker than centralized forwarding just from a process perspective. In addition, it doesn’t require the use of the shared bus.
ConclusionThere are many pieces of the 6500 that I didn’t cover in this post but hopefully it’s enough to get you started if you are interested in knowing how these switches work. Hopefully I’ll have time soon to do a similar post on the Nexus 7000 series switch.
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